城市建设研究院(中美论坛发言稿)
2008-10-30 14:28:51
中国城市垃圾焚烧处理厂建设和运营现状
Construction and Running of MSW Incineration Plants in China
杨宏毅
YANG Hongyi
中国垃圾处理设施数量变化图
Change of MSW Treatment Facilities Number in China
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中国垃圾处理设施处理能力变化图
Change of MSW Treatment Facilities Capacity in China
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2005年中国城市生活垃圾处理设施情况
’2005 Data on MSW Landfill in China
中国的垃圾无害化处理率: 35～40％
The harmless treatment rate of MSW : 35~40%
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城市生活垃圾产量预测
Municipal Solid Waste Output Forecast
预计到2010年：
全国县城以上生活垃圾总产量约为2.5亿吨
城市：1.8亿吨/年（日均约为49.3万吨）
县城：0.7亿吨/年（日均约为19.4万吨）
To 2010
Total MSW Amount: 250 million tons
Cities : 180 million t/a (daily average : 493,000 tons)
Counties: 70 million t/a (daily average : 194,000 tons)
全国城镇“十一五”环境卫生规划
Chinese Environmental Sanitation Plan (2006-2010)
全国“十一五”期间计划新增的城市生活垃圾无害化处理能力为 24 万吨 / 日，平均每年新增 4.8 万吨 / 日；同时将采取封场、搬迁或改扩建等措施对现有约 70% 的不达标设施进行改造，总规模约 7.4 万吨 / 日；建设一批大型转运设施并建立和完善收运系统 ，城市生活垃圾无害化处理率不低于 60%；
全国“十一五”期间，全国城镇环境卫生固定资产总投资约为 1115 亿元。其中：新建生活垃圾处理设施 516 亿元、不达标处置设施治理 73 亿元、转运设施与收运系统建设 155 亿元等
During 2006 to 2010:
Newly-built MSW treatment facilities: 240,000 ton/day
Re-built MSW facilities: 48,000 ton/day
MSW harmless treated rated: 60%
Environmental sanitation investment: 111.5 billion RMB
我国垃圾焚烧发展的政策环境
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《城市生活垃圾处理及污染防治技术政策》建城[2000]120号
垃圾应在焚烧炉内充分燃烧，烟气在后燃室应在不低于850℃的条件下停留不少于2秒
垃圾焚烧目前宜采用以炉排炉为基础的成熟技术，审慎采用其它炉型的焚烧炉
烟气处理宜采用半干法加布袋除尘工艺
属于危险废物的炉渣和飞灰必须作为危险废物处置
《The Technical Policy on MSW Management and Pollution Prevention 》 2000
Waste should be combusted in the incinerator completely, and the flue gas should stay in the afterburner at least 2 seconds with the temperature not lower than 850℃.
At present, grate is suggested to be the foundational mature technology in MSW incineration, other kinds of incineration process should be adopted prudently.
Semi-dry process with bag-house is the suggested flue gas cleaning system.
Fly ash and residue should be treated as hazardous waste.
2002年，国家计委、财政部、建设部、环保总局:
《关于实行城市生活垃圾处理收费制度促进垃圾处理产业化的通知》
《关于推进城市污水、垃圾处理产业化发展的意见》
2002，National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), Ministry of Finance (MOF) , Ministry of Construction (MOC) and State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) :
Notice: Establish the MSW –Fee Levying system and Promote the Industrial Production of MSW Management》
Notice: Establish the MSW –Fee Levying system , Promote the Industrial Production of MSW Management 》
Opinion about promoting the Industrial Production of municipal waste water and solid waste management》
2005年2月《中华人民共和国可再生能源法》
2006年1月《可再生能源发电价格和费用分摊管理试行办法》发改价格[2006]7号
2006年1月《可再生能源发电有关管理规定》发改能源[2006]13号
2006年9月《国家鼓励的资源综合利用认定管理办法》发改环资[2006]1864
2005-02《 Renewable Energy Act 》
2006-01《Trial Guidelines on renewable Power Generation Price and expense 》
2006-01《 Management Guideline of Renewable Energy Electricity Generation 》
2006-09《 Method to Recognize National Encouraged Resource Comprehensive Using》
2006年6月《关于加强生物质发电项目环境影响评价管理工作的通知 》
生活垃圾焚烧发电项目环境影响报告书应报国务院环境保护行政主管部门审批
生活垃圾焚烧发电类项目环境影响评价文件审查的技术要点
2006-06 Notice on Enhancing Environment Impact Assessment of Biomass-to-Energy Projects
EIA of MSW-to-Energy projects should be approved by Environmental Department of Stated Council.
Some key points to approve EIA are given.
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我国垃圾焚烧技术应用现状
炉排炉的技术特点( Stoke Grate Incineration Technology)
全部焚烧生活垃圾，启动时可以以油为辅助燃料；进料垃圾不需要预处理；
依靠炉排的机械运动实现垃圾的搅动与混合，促进垃圾完全燃烧，不同的炉排产商在炉排的设计上各有特点；
焚烧炉内垃圾为稳定燃烧，燃烧较为完全，飞灰量少，炉渣热酌减率低；
技术成熟，设备年运行时间可达8000小时以上；垃圾需要连续焚烧，不宜经常起炉和停炉。
Fuel in the incinerator is completely solid waste, petroleum is just used as auxiliary fuel at the beginning;
Feeding waste does not need to pre-treat;
Mechanical move of grate make the waste agitate and mix completely, and promote waste to burn up. Different makers of different incinerators have respective design characteristic.
Waste is burned stably and entirely, and the amount of fly-ash is small，and the loss of ignition is very low as well;
The technic is very mature， and the equipment running time can be above to 8000 hours per one year.
The burning must be continual, turning on and blowing out frequently is harmful.
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主要国外焚烧厂商及炉型 日本三菱重工株式会社（三菱-马丁逆推炉排） |
Overseas Suppliers MISSUBISHI heavy industries, Japan |
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主要国内焚烧厂商及炉型 温州伟明集团（二段式炉排炉） |
Domestic Suppliers Weiming Group, WenZhou |
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日本三菱-马丁逆推炉排炉 Mitsubishi, Japan 炉排倾斜角度为26° |
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日本田熊SN型炉排炉 Takuma, Japan 设置两个阶梯，采用足够的炉排面积，使垃圾在炉内翻滚并燃烧； Two steps of ladders are established, and the area of the grate is big enough to let the waste roll well on it. |
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吉宝西格斯多级炉排炉 Seghers, Belgium 西格斯焚烧炉排控制系统能够将输送动作(水平运动)、翻搅和通风动作(垂直运动)区分开 |
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日本日立造船 Hitachi Zosen, Japan 炉排上设置落差，使垃圾翻转、松散 |
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重庆三峰SITY2000炉排 SanFeng, Chongqing
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国产二段往复式炉排 Domestic Stoke Grate 杭州新世纪能源环保工程股份有限公司New Century Energy Co. Ltd, Hangzhou 温州伟明集团有限公司 |
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| 由逆推炉排和顺推炉排组合而成 逆推炉排向下倾斜 顺推炉排为水平布置 adverse pusher |
温州东庄垃圾发电厂 温州临江垃圾发电厂 温州永强垃圾发电厂 昆山垃圾发电厂 杭州滨江垃圾焚烧厂 江苏太仓垃圾焚烧发电厂 |
我国垃圾焚烧技术应用现状
流化床炉的技术特点( Fluidized Bed Incineration Technology)
需要石英砂作为辅料，需要掺煤才能理想燃烧，在煤价较低或上网电价较高的情况下，掺煤越多焚烧厂的经济效益越好；
可以混烧多种废物，但是进料越均匀越好，一般需要有前分选和破碎工序；
焚烧炉内垃圾处于悬浮流化状态，为瞬时燃烧，飞灰量大，飞灰量是炉排炉的3～4倍；此外，流化床焚烧的一个特点是炉渣的热酌减率较低，仅为1～2％；
物料处于悬浮状态，烟气流速高，对焚烧炉的冲刷和磨损比较严重；
流化床炉的检修相对较多，年运行时间相对较短，通常只有6000-8000小时；
流化床炉起炉和停炉较为方便；
减少金属酸性腐蚀，发电效率较高。
It needs quartz sand as the auxiliary material, and needs coal mixed with waste to achieve perfect combustion. The factory will economic efficiency more as more coal is mixed when the coal is cheap and electrovalence from MSW is more expensive than that from others in China.
all kinds of waste can be burned together, but it is better to mixed them up, and the separator and crusher is necessary before the incineration.
The waste in the fluidized bed is at aerosol fluidization condition, and the fly-ash amount is 3~4 times of that of grate; moreover, the loss of ignition is much lower, it only has 1~2%.
The speed of flue gas is very high, and the attrition to equipment is serious.
Compared with grate, it needs more repair, but has the shorter running time which is about 6000-8000hours per one year.
It is convenient to starting and blowing out.
| 浙江大学 · 异重流化床 Zhejiang University 高比重惰性物料循环
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北京中科通用 · 循环流化床 能适应低品位垃圾燃料组成 目前已建和在建的焚烧项目有10余项 |
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日本荏原 · 回旋流化床 流动空气的风量差：左右空气量比中央部分多 目前已建和在建的焚烧项目： |
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我国垃圾焚烧技术应用发展预测
Incineration Development Forecast
1、可再生能源政策将促进垃圾焚烧技术的应用
Policies on renewable energy will promote incineration technology application
目前
浙江省0.5463元/度；广东省0.55元/度。
按照国家发改委颁布的《可再生能源发电价格及费用分摊管理暂行办法》规定，2006年起新核准建设的垃圾发电厂，上网电价应分别为：
浙江省0.666元/度； 广东省0.689元/度。
At present ：
Zhejiang: 0.5463 yuan/kwh；Guangdong: 0.55 yuan/kwh。
According to the new Trial Guidelines on renewable Power Generation Price and expense ，the price of the power generated from the new waste incineration plant built after 2006 will up to：
Zhejiang: 0.666 yuan/kwh； Guangdong: 0.689 yuan/kwh。
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2、新建垃圾焚烧厂将主要以大、中规模焚烧厂为主
New Incineration Plant Are Mainly Comprised by Large and Medium Scale Plant
我国新建的垃圾焚烧厂建设规模普遍大于600吨/日，我国大中城市新建的焚烧厂处理规模常在大于1000吨/日，焚烧厂配置以2～3台焚烧炉居多，单台焚烧炉的规模常在300～600吨/日，受政策影响焚烧炉的发展有大型化趋势。
The capacity of newly built plant are usually beyond 600 t/d, even up to 800-1000 t/d in some big cities, and the capacity of one incinerator is usually 300-600t/d. Affected by new energy policies, the incinerator develops towards the large scale tendency
3、炉排炉与流化床炉平分秋色，小型焚烧炉市场逐渐减小
Market Share Will Occupied by stoke grate Incinerator and Fluidized Bed Incinerator，Small Scale Incinerator will Quit Gradually
大中城市以机械炉排炉为主
对于中小城市及内陆城市和经济较发达地区，流化床的国产化技术、价格优势以及掺煤获得的经济受益，仍将具有较大的吸引力。
Stoke grate Incinerator will be the main choice in big cities.
Fluidized Bed incinerator will also be favored by some cities in the near future because of its advantages in investment and benefit from coal mixing.
4、近期内垃圾焚烧的余热利用将仍以发电为主
Power Generation is still the primary use in the near future
受我国可再生能源的影响，以及产品销路的稳定性、优惠的电价使得发电成为我国垃圾焚烧厂的热能利用方式相对单一，绝大多是焚烧余热都是用于发电。
在蒸汽参数方面，通常垃圾焚烧厂余热锅炉蒸汽参数为中温中压参数（4MPa和400℃）。若提高蒸汽参数将有助于提高余热利用效率，提高发电量，增加垃圾厂的收入，同时也加剧了余热锅炉材料的腐蚀，缩短了设备的使用寿命，增加了折旧成本。目前，广州李坑和中山焚烧厂采用三菱重工焚烧炉，尝试使用次高温高压余热锅炉蒸汽参数6MPa/450℃。采用次高温高压参数的经济性和对中国国情的适应性目前还在探索中。
The most of the heat energy from incineration is changed into electric power since favorable power price can be get from Chinese government.
In steam quality aspect ，the operation with inferior high temperature & pressure is still in exploration in China at present, and the incineration plants of Likeng in Guangzhou and of Center in Zhongshan are in the attempting with the condition 6MPa/450℃, they both choose the Mitsubishi-Marin grate .
5、烟气处理工艺中干法的比例会有所增加
Dry process will be widely used in flue gas treatment
随着技术的进步与发展，干法工艺也在提升和进步（如石灰粒度更细化、石灰喷射装置更优化等）。目前的干法处理效果有显著提高，在国外的应用有所增加。在日本，东京都焚烧厂对环境要求高，烟气处理均采用湿法处理工艺；东京都以外的焚烧厂烟气处理主要采用干法处理工艺。
The dry process developed rapidly in recent years, such as the lime granules are much smaller than before, and its processing effect have enhanced remarkably, and the application has increased a lot in foreign country as well. for example, the cities in Japan always choose this way except Tokyo which has a much higher environmental standard.
6、对二恶英的控制逐渐加强
Strengthening Dioxin control
大城市和经济发达地区的焚烧厂采用欧盟烟气排放标准，二恶英执行0.1ng-TEQ/Nm3
对二恶英的监控越来越严格
In big cities and economy-developed cities, MSW incineration plants take more strict standard as EU-DC-2000, and dioxin concentration cannot over 0.1 ng-TEQ/Nm3
The Control for dioxin will be more and more strict.
7、垃圾焚烧厂建设融资模式多元化
Many Financial Models Will Emerge in MSW Incineration Projects
我国传统的垃圾处理设施是“政府投资建设，事业单位运营”。这种模式对于卫生填埋等技术水平相对较低的方式较为适用。对于焚烧项目，地方政府通常受技术水平和人才资源的限制，难以自建自管。
因此，部分城市采用了“政府投资建设，招标或委托企业运营”的方式，取得了较好的效果。
近年来，随着产业化政策的推广和国家投融资体制的改革，大量社会资本进入到垃圾焚烧处理邻域，“企业实行特许经营（BOT模式）”的方式广为应用。
Traditionally, the waste disposal facility is invested by the government, and operated by institution in China. Bt a incineration plant needs huge investment for construction and high-tech personnel to operate, so the construction and management is very difficult to be undertaken all by the government.
So，some cities used the method that government investing, entrusted company operating, and it already has obtained a very good effect in china.
In recent years, lots of social capital enters into the MSW incinerating domain, along with the national financing system reforming and the industrial production policy promotion. And the BOT(Build—Operate--Transfer) mode is used especially widely.
8、垃圾焚烧相关政策标准法规进一步完善
The policies related to MSW incineration will be gradually consummate
随着焚烧技术应用的发展，我国在相关的政策准法规建设也在逐步完善
国家已经颁布的标准有：
《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准(GB 18485-2001)》
《生活垃圾焚烧处理工程技术规范(CJJ90-2002)》（已在修编）
《城市生活垃圾焚烧处理工程项目建设标准》（已在修编）
《城市生活焚烧厂评价标准》（在编）
The policies, laws, regulations and standards related to MSW incineration will gradually consummated along with the development of the technology.
The present national standards ：
Standard for Pollution Control on the MSW Incineration (GB 18485-2001)
Technology Standard for MSW Incineration Project (CJJ90-2002)
Construction standard for MSW Incineration Project (Compiling)
Evaluation standard for MSW Incineration plant (Compiling)
